ICIs, including programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors and cytotoxic T-cell-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors, have exhibited promising antitumor efficacy in patients with the late malignant tumor for the past decade (Naimi et al., 2022). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is cancer.