TNF and irritable bowel syndrome: Recently, biologics targeting inflammatory mediators have improved the disease management of IBD, allowing more mucosal healing and reducing surgery rates in patients with moderate to severe IBD.170,171 Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) agents (infliximab, adalimumab), interleukin 12 and 23 antibody (ustekinumab), and an α4β7 integrin antibody (vedolizumab) are currently available both for CD and UC in the United Kingdom.