We did not observe overt metabolic effects between aged lean and DIO mice despite being on HFD diet for months; we did not observe significant increases between six month and twelve-to-thirteen-month DIO resting glucose or hemoglobin A1c, but significant differences between lean and DIO mice at six months of age as previously reported (26) although it is likely the advanced age DIO mice are insulin-resistant which adds another variable regarding mechanisms contributing to immune dysfunction. Here, INS is linked to immune system disorder.