AKT1 and atherosclerosis: These results suggested THD could mitigate the activation of PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α/VEGF, P38 MAPK, and PTGS2/NF-κB signaling pathways in AS mice, demonstrating that THD can intervene in atherosclerosis by regulating angiogenesis and oxidative stress, and inhibiting inflammatory response (Figure 12).