BACH1 and cancer: Although several studies have revealed that BACH1 promotes invasion and metastasis in breast, lung, pancreatic and ovarian cancer by regulating various sets of genes beyond iron metabolism by activating the transcription of critical metastatic genes [24, 49–53], BACH1 may impose negative effects on cancer cell growth and survival by directly repressing a subset of proteasome genes in gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma cells [54, 55].