As presented in Fig. 2, a nonlinear association between VAI and FPG levels was observed after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, HR, smoking, physical activity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, stroke, CKD, race, TG, TC, HDL-c, LDL-c, ALT and ALP. Here, GPT is linked to chronic kidney disease.