VCAM1 and inflammatory response: In this context, a study carried out using an in vitro model of endothelial inflammation (primary cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to TNF-α) showed that the treatment with paricalcitol (a vit D analog) inhibited the increased expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and fractalkine (a chemoattractant cytokine) in these cells [36].