VGLL3 and autoimmune disease: Liang et al. demonstrated that a transcription factor, vestigial-like family member 3 (VGLL3), exhibited markedly female-biased expression in normal skin, and its expression was further elevated in CLE lesions in both males and females; they further demonstrated that VGLL3 is a critical regulator of the female-biased inflammatory genes associated with multiple autoimmune diseases, including B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and ITGAM, independent of sex hormone levels [73].