This may in turn be associated with IL-32 and IL-34 as both biomarkers have been shown to contribute to the process of atherosclerosis, IL-32 mostly through the promotion of angiogenesis on endothelial cells and modification of lipid profiles, and IL-34 through its association with obesity, chronic inflammation and insulin resistance [21,22,23]. Here, IL32 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.