ACE and hepatocellular carcinoma: Since the emergence of the GALAD score, several diagnostic models for HCC have been developed based on the native population, such as ASAP (including AFP, DCP, age, and gender) [22], male-ABCD (including age, γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase, platelets, white blood cells, DCP, and AFP) [37], GALAD-C (including gender, age, AFP-L3%, AFP, and DCP) [32], GAAP (including AFP, DCP, age, and gender) [32], and HES (including rate of AFP change, AFP, alanine aminotransferase, platelets, and age) [45].