INS and diabetes mellitus: The participants in cluster 1 who developed diabetes showed a decline of compensatory increased insulin secretion (from 129.9 ± 26.4 to 99.2 ± 20.3, p = 0.029), without a concomitant decrease in insulin resistance (from 1.47 ± 0.39 to 1.84 ± 0.98, p = 0.340) during the follow-up period, while the participants in cluster 2 who developed diabetes showed a significant increase in insulin resistance (from 0.84 ± 0.20 to 1.18 ± 0.49, p < 0.001), along with a modest decrease in insulin secretion (from 72.9 ± 17.4 to 64.6 ± 18.8, p = 0.005).