A complete analysis of how these risks are related to the activation of innate immunity in advance of infection or vaccination would require another paper of the same length as this one, so suffice it to say here that abundant evidence exists for the increased activation of discrete sets of innate receptors in both type 1 diabetes (TLR2, TLR4, TLR7/8 and TLR9 [269]) and type 2 diabetes (TLR2 and TLR4 [270]) compared with healthy control groups. Here, TLR7 is linked to infection.