TNF and Peptic ulcer: D’ Elios and colleagues provided evidence for a local production of anti-H. pylori IgA and IgG and, in particular, for a specific response of Th1 effectors—resulting in increased synthesis of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-12—in the gastric antrum of H. pylori-infected patients, which can play a role in the genesis of either peptic ulcer or H. pylori-related gastric B cell lymphoma [16].