Gene ontology analysis based on these CpGs has identified several genes, especially in the gene coding for alpha1-antitrypsin (SERPINA1), involved in immune and inflammatory system pathways which may further contribute to tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion, where SERPINA1 hypomethylation has been linked to COPD and decreased lung function [49]. The gene discussed is SERPINA1; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.