GDF15 and cardiomyopathy: In subjects with cardiomyopathy who were treated with ivabradine, inflammatory biomarkers, namely tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), growth-differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), were attenuated (Table 7) [32,34,125].