Importantly, failure of LPS or LEC to elicit a robust upregulation of expression of genes that belonged to mediators of signaling pathways, such as pattern recognition, cardiovascular signaling, AMPK, Th17 activation, Th1 (IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-4), STAT3, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and death receptor signaling, was observed in PBMCs of PwD2, as compared to non-diabetic controls (some shown in Figure 2A–F). Here, IL4 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.