(2) Strikingly, unlike in obese males in which the sympathoexcitatory responses to insulin or leptin can be enhanced (see above), insulin [156] and leptin (Shi and Brooks, unpublished data) fail to increase SNA in obese females; in other words, obese females come to exhibit leptin and insulin resistance rather than sensitization to its sympathoexcitatory actions. Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.