ALB and Nephropathy: CKD is defined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or one or more markers of persistent kidney damage for three months; albuminuria (albumin excretion rate ≥ 30 mg/day, albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR)  ≥ 30 mg/g), urinary sediment abnormalities, electrolyte abnormalities, tubular disorders, abnormalities detected by histology, and structural abnormalities detected by imaging or history of renal transplant (RT) [2].