The immunomodulatory action of caffeic acid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester leads to anti-melanoma effects via the inhibition of PI3K/AKT/XIAP pathway in both mouse and human melanoma cells by suppressing the activating phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 and AKT [200]. Here, AKT1 is linked to melanoma.