VEGFA and glioblastoma: In the pathologic angiogenesis of glioblastoma, many of the angiogenic pathways and factors known from physiological angiogenesis, such as VEGF, FGFs, TGF-β, MMPs, and angiopoietins, as well as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), are upregulated by the hypoxic tumor environment and as a result of tumor suppressor loss.