NOS2 and age-related macular degeneration: Several studies have shown the protective effect of lutein and zeaxanthin to reduce the risk of AMD by suppressing the production of inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, ICAM-1, and iNOS through the deactivation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo [24,25,26].