IRS1 and cholangiocarcinoma: IRS1 induces CCA cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and cell cycle progression through stimulation of various genes involved in cellular processes, including the cell cycle, DNA replication, TGF-β signaling, NOTCH signaling pathway, and activation of oncogenic gene expression, e.g., MAP3K3, YAP1, BIRC5, TGFBR1, and VIM.