Finally, a range of miRNAs, which regulate CCA have been reported in CCA etiology; the upregulated ones include miR34a (target gene: SMAD4), miR122 (RhoA), miR140-5p (SEPT2), miR144 (PAFAH1B1/LIS1), miR200c (NCAM1, ZEB1/2), miR204 (Slug), miR212 (FOXA1), miR214 (Twist) and miR605 (PSMD10/gankyrin) [21]. Here, PAFAH1B1 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.