An increase in IL-8 levels after sterile IVD inflammation has been shown, including TLR2 NP activation [160], TNFα treatment of AF cells [161], IL-1β treatment of NP cells [162], and TLR2 activation and TNFα and IL-1β treatment of mixed IVD cells [163]. The gene discussed is CXCL8; the disease is atrial fibrillation.