Furthermore, exposure of TNF-α on human AF cells dramatically increases the expression of autophagy-associated proteins, including p62, damage-regulated autophagy modulator 1, beta-transducine-repeat protein interacting with phosphoInositides (WIPI)-49, and serine/threonine-protein kinase (PIM)-2 [137]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is atrial fibrillation.