Furthermore, when Ad-ATF3 was administered immediately after 35 min of MCA occlusion (namely post-ischemia, at the onset of reperfusion), the infarct volume determined at 24 h of reperfusion was also significantly reduced in the Ad-ATF3 treated group as compared to the Ad-hPGK control (Figure 2D). This evidence concerns the gene ATF3 and ischemia.