TNF and diabetes mellitus: In this study, we identified that diabetes significantly upregulated a large range of inflammatory mediators in rat retinae, including cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, CD74, TGF-β1, IL-10), chemokines (CCL2, CCL3), adhesion molecules (VCAM1), and arginase 1 (Arg1), all of which were returned almost to normal control levels with the supplementation of miR-124.