The RACE-3 trial (Routine Versus Aggressive Upstream Rhythm Control for Prevention of Early Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure) showed that in the intervention group (MR antagonists, statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and/or receptor blockers, and cardiac rehabilitation) significantly improved sinus rhythm maintenance in HF patients with AF when compared to conventional therapy. This evidence concerns the gene NR3C2 and hydrops fetalis.