H2AX and folate deficiency: Folate deficiency increases the expression of (phosphorylated H2AX) γ-H2AX, a DNA injury marker protein, as well as the methylation frequency of CpG site in the DSBR gene Rad54 promoter region, and downregulates the expression of Rad54 in mouse sperm and spermatocyte line with folate deficiency [112].