They found that total levels of SM, as well as all SM species containing C14:0-, C 16:0-, C18:0-, C18:1-, C20:0-, C22:0-, C24:0-, C24:1-, C26:0-, and C26:1-CoA, were significantly higher in cancer tissues than in normal breast tissues and were correlated with higher levels of nSMase2 and lower levels of SMS2, thus contributing to the increase of Cer levels, in turn associated with less aggressivity of cancer (Table 1). Here, SMPD3 is linked to cancer.