High tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2)-expressing MSC-EVs-SHP2 with high blood–brain barrier permeability effectively delivered SHP2 to the brain of AD mice, significantly induced mitochondrial phagocytosis of neuronal cells, and attenuated mitochondrial damage-mediated apoptosis and NLRP3 inflammatory vesicle activation [334]. Here, PTPN11 is linked to Alzheimer disease.