TLR4 and epilepsy: During recurrent seizures, endogenous “danger signals”, which are activated by potentially pathogenic damage, activate toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and brain cells release HMGB1, while IL-1β, released from neurons, glial cells, and brain endothelial cells during inflammasome activation, and macrophages expelled from the blood, activate IL-1R1 in epilepsy [112,116,117].