TNF and diabetes mellitus: Like previous studies, pro-inflammatory adipokines (resistin, TNF-α, Factor D (adipsin), CCL2 (MCP-1), lipocalin-2 (NGAL), Serpin E1 (PAI-1), IL-1β, and CXCL8 (IL-8)) concentrations in the aqueous humor of DR patients were found to be significantly higher than those of non-DM patients in our study.