Although there are several uncertainties about whether circulating NGF in MS patients is up- or downregulated, the mechanistic evidence points to the relevance of local, rather than systemic, NGF concentrations for the pathophysiology of MS, specifically by modulating the beta cell viability, GSIS, adipocyte metabolic profile, and inflammatory phenotype, and by influencing sex dimorphism in the development of MS signs. Here, NGF is linked to myeloid sarcoma.