TNF and colitis: According to a study by Luo et al. [118], expression of several pro-inflammatory mediator genes, including iNOS, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β, was significantly reduced in the colon tissues of TNBS-colitis mice.