The percentage of IL-6-positive NP and AF cells gradually increased in the punch group at each postoperative time point, while the percentage of IL-6-positive NP and AF cells in the UPAL group increased from day 1 to day 7, but decreased on day 28, and showed similar results to TNF-α (Figure 3a–d). The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is atrial fibrillation.