CXCR4 and cervical carcinoma: Similar to studies on oral SCC [26], NSCLC [29], and breast cancer [30,31], cytokines or chemokines such as interleukins and SDF-1/CXCR4 have been involved in the reduction in the expression of epithelial markers such as E-cadherin in ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers and the upregulation of mesenchymal markers such as N-cadherin and/or vimentin.