GDF2 and ovarian carcinoma: Reduced expression of E-cadherin has been reported in ovarian cancer cells following TGF-β treatment [33,36,39,41,43,46,48,49,50,51,54,55,56,58,60,61,62,64,70,71,72,73,74,75,76], treatment with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9, a member of the TGF-β superfamily [42], IL-6 treatment [34,47], IL-8 treatment [37,66], IL-17 treatment [38], and TNF-α treatment [51] as well as treatment with chemokine CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 [52], CCL5 [67], CCL19, and CXCR7 [68,69].