Given the reported correlation between aflatoxin exposure, the appearance of TP53 R249S mutations and incidence of HCC, further studies will be needed to confirm a decrease in aflatoxin exposure levels in Bamako considering current aflatoxin reduction policies in Mali and throughout the world (https://www.ifpri.org/publication/aflacontrol-project-reducing-spread-aflatoxins-mali, accessed on 9 December 2022) [51]. Here, TP53 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.