Further analysis showed that within MM bone marrow (BM) stromal cell supernatants (MM cells were co-cultured with bone marrow stromal cells), TNF-α induces proteasomal degradation of TRAF2, non-canonical NF-κB and downstream ERK signaling in MM cells, whereas interleukin-6 directly triggers ERK activation. Here, TNF is linked to Miyoshi myopathy.