CTLA4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: For unresectable HCC, emerging clinical trial results have indicated superior clinical outcomes for combination therapies—including atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1 Ab) + bevacizumab (anti-VEGF Ab) (IMbrave 150) [14] and durvalumab (anti-PD-L1 Ab) + tremelimumab (anti-CTLA4 Ab) (HIMALAYA) [15]—relative to monotherapy; however, sorafenib remains a key regimen alone or in combination with other therapeutic modalities for unresectable HCC especially when sorafenib drug resistance could be overcome [16].