Using human colon cancer cell lines, the exposure of isoflurane was reported to enhance resistance against TRAIL (a member of the TNF-α superfamily)-induced apoptosis through mechanisms related to caveolin-1, which suggested that the exposure of isoflurane may inadvertently decrease sensitivity to postoperative chemotherapeutic agents and even aggravate oncological outcomes [42]. Here, TNF is linked to malignant colon neoplasm.