LEP and breast cancer: By increasing the secretion of leptin and IL-6, CAAs activate the PI3K-AKT axis and HIF-1α to increase GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4, HK1, HK2, PDK1, PFK1 and LDHA expression, which leads to metabolic reprogramming in BC cells, including upregulating the rate of glycolysis and increasing lactate production [110].