TIGAR and cancer: Based on the work of other teams suggesting that cancer cell metabolism may contribute to chemoresistance [38,39] in addition to the well-described efflux mechanisms with ABC Transporters [40], we evaluated the protein expression level of several key proteins related to metabolic activity, including the glucose transporters, Glut1, TIGAR (TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator), and the Akt kinases.