TNF and neoplasm: For instance, cancer-associated inflammation signaling favors tumor growth, proliferation, migration, invasion, and malignant transformation, which are achieved by up-regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3), NF-κB, IL-6, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) [14].