Regarding the verification of autoimmune diseases, the heatmap indicated that the fold changes of OAS1, OASL, and STAT1 between multiple autoimmune diseases and paired normal individuals were more than one in SLE, systemic sclerosis (SSc), and Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), especially in SLE, while the fold changes of PML were near zero, which means no significant difference between the patients with autoimmune disease and normal individuals (Fig. 5D). Here, OAS1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.