TGFB1 and neoplasm: Furthermore, TGF-β promotes tumor progression through PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation [64], basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) signaling activation [65], the promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) [66, 67], EMT-related immune surveillance [68, 69], and the inflammation induction by crosstalk with NF-κB signaling [70, 71] at late stage.