VHL and cancer: Due to the small number of samples with VHL mutations in the M. D. Young cohort, we integrated this cohort with Z. Long cohort via the “Seurat” package (Additional file 8: Figure S1A, B) Using known lineage markers, we identified kidney epithelium, T cell, myeloid cell, endothelial cell, cancer cell, NK cell, fibroblast, B cell, and mast cell.