For instance, PD-L1 in GC/GEJC was defined according to the combined positive score (CPS), involving the expression of tumor cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes, and this differs from the PD-L1 definition in carcinoma of the lungs [28]; The cut-off value of PD-L1 positive expression has not been determined; PD-L1 expression is impacted by a number of factors, such as anti-tumor therapy, standardized detection methods, and the immune response of the host [29, 30]. Here, CD274 is linked to gastric cancer.