ADRB1 and Alzheimer disease: It has been demonstrated that in the adrenergic signaling pathway, AD binded to β1-AR or β2-AR receptors to activate Gs proteins, which influenced the concentration of the second messenger cAMP by activating adenylate cyclase (AC), and ultimately affected the expression of genes like act3, tpm1 and myh7 through activating the protein kinase A system (PKA) and Ca2+ signaling pathway [47].