AKT1 and neoplasm: We also analyzed other signaling molecules that are reported to regulate anchorage-independent growth of various tumor cells [42]: Akt (downstream of PI3K), proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (Src), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK).