CCR1 and infection: We hypothesize that this difference between the direction of effect of the alleles in healthy whole blood in vivo and K562 reporter assay in vitro episomal condition relative to in the A549-ACE2 disease state, reflects both differential regulation of these genes in different cell types and upon infection, and possibly that these alleles contribute to the risk of severe COVID-19 by destabilizing the regulatory mechanism of CCR1 and CCR5, such that they have decreased expression in some cell types and conditions, but are hyper-expressed in others.