For example, the produced ROS and inflammatory factors (e.g., TNF-α and IL-6) under high glucose stimulation activated the NF-κB signaling, while the activated NF-κB then promoted the transcription and translation of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and TGF-β1, etc., leading to apoptosis and necrosis in cells and tissue fibrosis, which accelerated the development of DKD [35]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to diabetic kidney disease.